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The Center for Game Science’s first scientific discovery game, Foldit, recently celebrated its 10th anniversary. Co-creator/game developer, Seth Cooper, and biochemist/scientific liaison, Brian Koepnick were kind enough to take a moment to answer some questions about Foldit, their involvement, and some history of the game. Paredes, Americo. With light tread. With love to Lesbia. Kenny, Maurice. With Luxtrol light control you can dial the right light for any activity. Word game book. Morris, William. Word in the night. Word of the week game. Word-recognition program. Word utility and the. The first real theories about light came from the ancient Greeks. Many of these theories sought to describe light as a ray- a straight line moving from one point to another. Pythagoras, best known for the theorem of the right-angled triangle, proposed that vision resulted from light rays emerging from a person's eye and striking an object.
Learning about nature and science helps children expand their vocabulary and develop a broader understanding of basic science concepts. The increase in environmental concerns makes it even more important for children to study nature and science, which is why a nature and science learning center is a must-have for early care and education environments. Including a nature and science learning center in your classroom will give children opportunities to explore the world around them through hands-on learning and will help nurture children's interest and concern for our environment now and as adults. A nature and science center is an integral part of the preschool classroom, but setting one up and choosing the best materials for your center can be tricky, especially if you have limited space.
Whether you're a new teacher planning out your first classroom space or a veteran teacher looking to revamp your classroom, here are four steps that detail how to set up a nature and science learning center that's just right for your classroom: 1. Finalize the Size and Location of Your Nature and Science Learning Center The first step in setting up your nature and science learning center is to finalize its size and location in the classroom.
You should base this decision on the overall size of the room, how many other learning centers you're planning for your classroom, the number of children in your class, and how many children you want to use the center at one time. Space for 3-4 children is a good goal to keep in mind as you plan your nature and science learning center. You should try to locate your nature and science center near a window or a door that opens to a small nature area. Locating your center near a window means children have natural light to help them grow a variety of plants indoors. It also allows for plenty of opportunities to observe nature, weather, and seasonal changes. When choosing the size and location of your nature and science center, you should also consider whether you want the center to be solely inside or if you have an outdoor classroom, weather station, nature area, or garden that you want to incorporate as a part of the learning center.
You will need a bigger space for the center if you keep everything indoors. Adding an outdoor element to your nature and science center can be very beneficial for children, so take advantage of any nature and science learning activities that can be conducted outside. Depending on the activity and the children stationed at the center, your nature and science learning center may get noisy. Try to place this center close to other centers that usually have a high noise level, such as the block center and the sand and water center. Check out and our resource tool if you would like additional assistance in planning the best layout for your classroom. Choose Furniture that Works Well in the Allocated Space One or two tables and several chairs will be needed in your nature and science center to give children an appropriate workspace.
You may also want to consider adding a light table to the space to help children learn about energy and light. A classroom greenhouse is another option that can aid in helping children learn about science—just be sure to leave plenty of space for any large items you want to incorporate in the center. Shelving units and other furniture options will help define the space and keep everything organized. Opt for Storage Options that Help Keep Items and Materials Organized Storage containers are a must for your nature and science center. They can help you organize science materials and keep science collections together.
Labeled storage containers are also a great way to encourage students to help keep the area neat and organized. You may want to keep more expensive science materials in a locked storage cabinet or stored out of children's reach. Select a Variety of Science Tools and Materials to Facilitate Learning Your nature and science learning center should contain a variety of science tools, materials, and collections for children to explore. There are numerous materials for you to choose from, so the materials you choose for your center will really just depend on the science concepts you want to teach and your overall vision for the center. We've come up with a list of suggested science tools and materials to help you choose the best materials for your nature and science center: Suggested Science Tools and Materials - Teaching children about the earth, moon, stars, and planets will help them explore how the universe works. Help children learn about the different aspects of earth and space with fun games, models, experiments, and informative books. Children are already fascinated with energy, light, and sound at this age, so be sure to provide a variety of materials to help them further their understanding of these concepts.
Light tables, color lenses, mirrors, sound kits, solar energy kits, and flashlights are all great items you can incorporate in your nature and science center. It's never too early to start teaching children about health and safety. Models, health posters, activity kits, books, and games are all excellent resources you can use to help children learn about brushing their teeth, washing their hands, going to the doctor, exercising, and eating nutritiously. Understanding the basic concepts of how the human body works will enable children to take care of themselves and better explain what hurts if they fall or get sick. You can help children learn about the human body with book sets, human x-rays, anatomy models, flip charts, games, and more. Children will love learning about magnetism and exploring how magnets work. Be sure to include magnetic sand tables, discovery boards, magnetic wands, and a variety of other magnetic materials in your nature and science center.
Since is a major concern, nutrition should be strongly emphasized in your nutrition and science center and in other areas of your classroom. Nutrition puppet sets, plush toys, learning kits, books, posters, and pocket charts can help you teach children about healthy foods and appropriate portion sizes. Help children learn about the environment and feel closer to nature by incorporating activities that encourage children to work with plants, observe changes in trees, and understand the true value of our environment. Gardening kits, gardening tools, root viewers, specimen sets, flower and plant models, flip charts, and informative books are all great materials you can use to further children's understanding of the environment in your nature and science center. Teaching children about weather and climate should be an important part of your nature and science center.
Help children track the weather and observe seasonal changes with weather trackers, thermometers, weather books, and other similar materials. Finally: Answering children's questions about nature and science and helping them learn about the scientific process through hands-on activities will help them develop their critical thinking skills and encourage them to become lifelong advocates for the environment. Having a nature and science learning center in your preschool classroom can also help children build a positive relationship with science and increase their chances of entering a STEM-related career later in life. For more science tools and materials and additional science themes you can include in your nature and science center, browse our section. Curious kids will delight in the joy of scientific discovery through the fifty fun activities in The Budding Scientist! This book is filled with great ways for you and your child to learn about how our world works.
Create memories together as you make invisible ink, explore ice crystals, and investigate magnets. Perfect for children ages three to six, this fun-filled introduction to science features easy-to-follow instructions and easy-to-find materials that will help you satisfy your child's natural.
Many Americans were outraged over Russia’s e-mail hacking during the 2016 presidential election and expected a vigorous response from the U.S. But new research that views cyberattacks from a game theory perspective suggests that the delayed response was a sound one.
While instinct suggests that such attacks deserve swift retaliation, viewing cyberwarfare through a mathematical lens can reveal situations where that knee-jerk response is useless. The new study, published online February 27 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, explores various where rational choices are made by the attacker and the victim. This game theory analysis finds that how or even whether to respond to an attack depends on how much and what the players know about each other. The take-home message of the study is sobering, says Jon Lindsay, a cybersecurity expert at the University of Toronto. “It’s not just about whodunit,” he says.
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“They’ve shown that you can invest a lot in identifying who carried out an attack but that’s not necessarily going to stop the attackers.” The analysis makes explicit what many victims know, whether attacked by a schoolyard bully or foreign government: Vulnerability matters. Consider an attacker A, who strikes out at victim B.
After the attack, the response depends largely on the vulnerability of the players. The victim can hurt a vulnerable attacker and gain from that strategy. Or, if the attacker is invulnerable, the victim can pay a cost for trying to fight back. In the schoolyard, for instance, telling a teacher about a bully might mean future torment with no relief, making it safest to do nothing. In the realm of cyberattacks, vulnerability can be interpreted in several ways. The United States, for example, could have industrial secrets that make it vulnerable to an attack from China.
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But if the reverse isn’t true, then China might not be afraid of the United States countering a hack with an industrial espionage attack. When hackers from North Korea compromised and leaked Sony Picture’s e-mails, the U.S. Government didn’t have a similar target in North Korea. So the United States was left in the awkward position of either ignoring the attacks, retaliating disproportionately (which could escalate things) or retaliating in a different domain (which it did, imposing economic sanctions that were largely symbolic).
The game theory approach also incorporates knowledge: To make decisions about vulnerability, you have to know who your attacker is. Here, the cyber world is often different from the physical one, says computer scientist Benjamin Edwards, of IBM’s Thomas J.
Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, N.Y. “Attribution can be harder with terrorist organizations or lone actors,” says Edwards, who led the new study. Even when an attack might be traced to a physical location, it doesn’t necessarily mean that there’s an obvious target for retaliation, like a state government. The players’ types (vulnerable attacker, knowledgeable victim, for example), payoffs (such as the cost of public anger over a victim’s inaction if the attacker’s identity is known) and beliefs (about the other’s nature and knowledge) create a calculus that reveals various strategies, like when it is rational to tolerate an attack.
Given the various types of players and moves, the game yields three stable outcomes where neither player has an incentive to change strategy: no attack, attack and no blame, or attack and blame. While the questions that players ask, both of and about each other, appear straightforward, the answers aren’t, the researchers note. Such was the case with the presidential election hacks, says Edwards.
There was growing public outcry following Russia’s leaking of Democratic National Committee e-mails, an attack that seemed aimed at influencing the outcome of the U.S. Presidential election. This outcry was a cost for the U.S. Government, the victim.
Government didn’t take public action against Russia until December 29, when it announced that 35 Russians living in the United States under diplomatic protection would be expelled. It seems President Barack Obama knew his game theory. In a news conference on December 16, he discussed the hacks, stating that “the idea that somehow public shaming is going to be effective, I think doesn’t read the thought process in Russia very well.” (At the time, the researchers had finished their analysis, says Edwards.
Obama’s remarks were “very validating.”) The research is timely because cyberattacks are increasingly a tactic of choice, says Lindsay, who served as an intelligence officer in the U.S. The good news, he says, is that adversaries are opting for cyberwar because they don’t want to challenge nations with military might. “There’s less war, but there’s now more diversity in things that are not quite war.”.